Texas Railroad History - Towers 92 (New Braunfels), 205 (Austin) and 206 (San Marcos)

Three Junctions of the International & Great Northern and the Missouri - Kansas - Texas Railroads Between Austin and New Braunfels

Above: Railroad executive John W. Barriger III took these two photos from the rear platform of his business car as he headed northbound on International & Great Northern (I&GN) tracks between San Antonio and Austin. The image at left was taken beside Tower 92 at New Braunfels. Although Barriger is looking at the southbound tracks to San Antonio, his view at the moment is to the northwest because of two sweeping curves the I&GN makes in New Braunfels resulting in a generally east/west transition through downtown. The crossing diamond in the foreground carries the tracks of the Missouri - Kansas - Texas (MKT, "Katy") Railroad to San Antonio (to the left) and San Marcos (to the right). The white sign at right presumably warns pedestrians to stay off the bridge over Dry Comal Creek just beyond the sign. The large building in the distance is the Comal Power Plant, a lignite-burning facility built in 1925 that has since been decommissioned and converted to apartments.

The image above right faces the "M.K.T. Junction" cabin at San Marcos where a connector to Katy rails can be seen branching off the I&GN to the left, just beyond the south side of the building. Again, Barriger's view is along the southbound I&GN tracks toward San Antonio, facing geographically southwest. The first cabin at MKT Junction began operation on August 1, 1912, but whether it is the structure in this photo is unknown. It was manned by I&GN personnel. Perhaps fifteen to twenty years after this photo was taken, MKT Junction was interlocked and became Tower 206 in the Railroad Commission of Texas (RCT) interlocker assignment list. Since the two railroads touched at both New Braunfels and San Marcos, the I&GN and Katy employee timetables show Towers 92 and 206 being 18.6 and 18.7 miles apart, respectively. Both of the above images are from the I&GN album in the John W Barriger III National Railroad Library. The photo sequencing in this album does not permit any inference as to whether these photos were taken on the same trip. They certainly could have been, and they undoubtedly date from the 1933 - 1941 timeframe when Barriger served in the Reconstruction Finance Corporation as the chief administrator for railroad investments.

Below Left: On a different trip, Barriger took this photo of the railroad control tower at the north end of the Colorado River bridge in Austin as his train was heading south toward San Marcos. Presumably this was many years prior to 1956 when RCT designated the building as Tower 205. Below Right: Although this image of Tower 92 certainly resembles Barriger's work, the photographer has not been determined. The camera is facing southeast along the northbound I&GN tracks toward San Marcos, a few dozen yards west of Tower 92. On this side of the tower, the Katy tracks cross the I&GN leading to San Antonio (to the right) and San Marcos (to the left.) The photographer is on the bridge over Dry Comal Creek. The back of the sign warning pedestrians to stay off the bridge is visible at left. (New Braunfels Historic Railroad and Modeler's Society collection, courtesy Jim Burns)

All photos on this web page that were taken by John W. Barriger III are used courtesy of the John W. Barriger III National Railroad Library

San Antonio and Austin were two important towns in early Texas history, but their inland locations meant that they would not be among the first to be served by Texas railroads. Rails and ties are heavy, hence railroad construction was typically limited by cost-effective transportation options, e.g. existing railroads or river steamboats (and using the Colorado River to ship materials to Austin was not an option; it was not navigable by ordinary steamboats due to a huge "timber raft" that blocked the river six miles above its mouth at Matagorda.) Austin's first railroad finally arrived in 1871, a westward branch (from Hempstead) off the Houston & Texas Central (H&TC) Railroad main line out of Houston, to which rails and ties could be delivered by steamboat using Buffalo Bayou. Similarly, San Antonio's first railroad arrived from the east in 1877, an extension of the Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio (GH&SA) Railway out of Harrisburg, a river port on Buffalo Bayou. The need for a north/south rail line to connect Austin and San Antonio, roughly seventy-five miles apart, was recognized, but this need would not be satisfied for several years.

Austin's second railroad arrived in 1876 in the form of the International & Great Northern (I&GN) Railroad, building south with plans to continue to San Antonio and Laredo. The I&GN was the combination of two unrelated railroads, the International Railroad and the Houston & Great Northern (H&GN) Railroad. The earliest of these, the H&GN, was chartered in 1866 by Houston interests with a plan to build north to the Red River. Construction was delayed for several years; major New York banks were reluctant to lend money to a new Texas railroad during the initial Reconstruction period after the Civil War. Work finally began in Houston in December, 1870, and by May, 1873, the tracks had reached Palestine, 151 miles north of Houston.

The H&GN's arrival into Palestine marked the third construction team to do so in less than a year! Both of the other two were crews of the International Railroad arriving into Palestine from opposite directions. The International had been chartered by investors interested in building a line from Texarkana to Laredo, many of whom were also investors in the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern (SLIM&S) Railway. The SLIM&S was building from St. Louis to Texarkana, and the International was chartered in August, 1870 to be essentially a Texas extension of the SLIM&S that would run through Austin and San Antonio to the Rio Grande river, Texas' border with Mexico. Work commenced at two locations, Hearne and Longview, in 1871. S. G. Reed in his reference tome A History of the Texas Railroads (St. Clair Publishing, Houston, 1941) explains why.

Longview was selected instead of Texarkana as the Texas & Pacific was planning to build from Texarkana to Longview. Hearne was selected because the H. & T. C. had reached that point. All the materials except ties, timber and piling, came by steamer to Galveston and by barge or G. H. & H. [Galveston, Houston & Henderson] to Houston, thence to Hearne over the H. & T. C. By December 13, 1871, 50 miles had been completed and by July 12, 1872, Palestine, 90 miles from Hearne, was reached. In the meantime equally rapid progress was made on the line from Longview to Palestine, which was completed January 31, 1873.

Before the H&GN had even reached Palestine, the management of the International saw the value in a combined railroad that would eventually serve Houston, Austin, San Antonio and Laredo, with favorable connections to Galveston and Texarkana. An agreement was reached in December, 1872, and the railroads began operating under a combined management structure led by Herbert Melville "Hub" Hoxie as General Superintendent of both railroads. The International's offices were moved from Hearne to Houston so that Hoxie could run both railroads while awaiting the legal permission to merge. Two years later in March, 1875, the Legislature authorized the new railroad, the International & Great Northern (I&GN).

That the I&GN would eventually reach Austin and San Antonio was understood, but the timing thereof was subject to the vagaries of financing, weather, politics and the national economy, and that made the citizens of San Antonio no less anxious. Austin had railroad service, the H&TC from Houston; San Antonio did not -- it was dependent on stage routes to meet trains in Austin and Columbus. The GH&SA led by Thomas Peirce (with the unusual ei spelling) had a line from Harrisburg to Columbus, and had successfully petitioned the Legislature to modify the GH&SA charter to permit construction west to San Antonio (permission was granted, but the original requirement to go north to La Grange was retained.) By the time the I&GN had been formalized in March, 1875, the GH&SA had already extended its tracks from Columbus to Luling, only 58 miles northeast of San Antonio. As Peirce was building west, he received an offer of $100,000 from Comal County if he would route the GH&SA into New Braunfels, the county seat. The San Antonio Express of November 12, 1875 discussed this offer, concerned that its acceptance would delay or preempt the arrival of rails into San Antonio while boosting New Braunfels into a regional trade destination to the detriment of San Antonio. The real concern was that Comal County's proposal was attractive -- New Braunfels was only 30 miles due west of Luling, roughly half as far as San Antonio. With the I&GN known to be headed to Austin and farther south, New Braunfels would become a thriving railroad junction with the addition of the GH&SA. The extent to which Peirce considered this offer is undetermined, but his railroad stayed on its planned route, reaching San Antonio in 1877.

Left: In the early years, San Marcos, New Braunfels and San Antonio were dependent on stagecoach service to meet trains in Austin (there were also stages from San Antonio to Columbus for the GH&SA connection.) The Houston Daily Mercury of January 1, 1874 carried a schedule advertisement for the H&TC which also listed its connections at various stops. Some connections were with railroads (at Dallas, Sherman and Hearne), some were with stagecoaches (at Waco, Ledbetter, McDade and Austin), and then there was Mexia, which offered a connection to a "line of hacks" (horses for rent) two days per week!

Left: The Austin Weekly Democrat Statesman carried this news item in its July 27, 1876 edition noting the arrival at Galveston of 1,800 tons of iron for the I&GN. Speculating that this would be sufficient to complete the remaining distance for the I&GN to reach Austin (from Round Rock), the article assures the reader that the I&GN is a "live company" that "means business." Perhaps rumors of financial difficulty for the I&GN had already begun to surface. Right: The Galveston Daily News of December 17, 1876 describes the arrival of the first I&GN passenger train into Austin the previous day as "A Notable Event". The telegram was sent by the aforementioned "Hub" Hoxie of the I&GN. Hoxie had a lengthy career in railroad management with several railroads. In later years, he was a close associate of rail baron Jay Gould. Hoxie died in New York in 1886 at age 55 due to complications from kidney stone surgery.

The I&GN reached Austin on December 16, 1876 and ... stayed there. The construction from Hearne to Austin had stretched the company's finances to the breaking point; it badly needed operating revenue with which to pay expenses and bond interest. On April 1, 1878, the company was forced into receivership. After a year and a half in bankruptcy, it was sold at foreclosure on November 1, 1879 to buyers who formed a new I&GN company under the original charter and management team. Construction was restarted south from Austin to San Antonio via San Marcos and New Braunfels with a contract issued to the New Jersey Contracting Company on May 31, 1880. The contract was successfully completed at San Antonio on February 16, 1881, and an extension to Laredo was completed later that year.

Left: In September, 1880, the Dallas Daily Herald carried these items (on the 22nd and 29th, respectively) discussing the arrival of I&GN tracks into San Marcos. Right: The Galveston Daily News of October 1, 1880 printed this telegram from San Marcos announcing passage of the first construction train over the San Marcos River the previous day, followed shortly by a train with numerous dignitaries. The telegram congratulated "the rest of mankind" for having the "good fortune" to have finally begun to reap the benefits that would instantly flow from the new connection with the "booming town" of San Marcos. Obviously, San Marcos didn't need the rail connection; the world did. Apparently, the presence of U. S. President Rutherford B. Hayes and Texas Governor James W. Throckmorton in San Marcos was of lesser significance.

Left: The Galveston Daily News of October 31, 1880 carried a telegram announcing that I&GN track-laying had reached the Guadalupe River and that they would arrive in New Braunfels within the next two weeks. From the north, the I&GN's construction went to the southeast side of New Braunfels where it made a sweeping curve to cross the river and turn back to the northwest to enter downtown, about a mile past the bridge. West of downtown, the right-of-way then curved back to the southwest to resume the basic heading toward San Antonio. Right: The Galveston Daily News of November 21, 1880 described the celebration in New Braunfels (with "plenty of lager") for the high noon arrival of the first train into the city.

In late 1872, the creation of the combined management structure for the International and the H&GN, and their plan to merge into a single railroad that would operate from Texarkana to the Gulf coast and Mexico, had immediately caught the attention of railroad investor Jay Gould. Gould had Midwest railroads, but he needed an outlet to Mexico and ports on the Gulf to maximize their potential. In 1873, he began eyeing the Missouri, Kansas & Texas (MK&T, "Katy") Railroad as a potentially valuable property with which to overtake the I&GN and conquer Texas railroading. Author Wayne Cline in his 2015 book The Texas Railroad explains that Gould's plan to quietly take over the Katy began on October 22, 1873 when...

"...he stage-managed the election of a loyal ally, William Bond, as the road's second vice president. Bond proceeded to fire key Katy managers and replace them with Gould's henchmen. On December 21, 1874 Bond was appointed receiver of the MKT, and on March 1, 1876 he became the Katy's general manager. By December, 1879, Bond had brought so many Gould supporters aboard the MKT that Jay was elected president."

Gould likely adopted this strategy because buying a controlling interest of Katy stock was infeasible. The stock had become so diluted and widely dispersed among so many small stockholders that there were few large blocks available for private purchase, and there simply weren't enough shares circulating on the open market. As a result, Gould had little ownership interest in the Katy, he was merely its President. To ensure his continued control, Gould leased the Katy in December, 1880 to the Missouri Pacific (MP) Railroad, a large Missouri-based railroad that he controlled and in which he had a large ownership position. As Gould planned an expansion of the Katy deep into Texas, he intended to use it to route long-haul traffic to and from MP. And what did the Katy get in return for agreeing to be leased? It got to keep its net profit, no matter how meager it might be as a result of accounting and operating policies tilted heavily toward MP. MP stockholders (mostly Gould) would reap the benefits; Katy stockholders would get nothing.

In parallel with the Katy, Gould was also targeting the Texas & Pacific (T&P) Railway which was building west from Texarkana to El Paso via Marshall on a Federal charter that authorized construction to San Diego. The T&P tracks had already passed through Longview; the I&GN depended on the connection there for access to St. Louis traffic through Texarkana. The T&P was stuck at Ft. Worth, unable to build farther west for lack of funds, and this presented Gould with an opportunity. He created a construction company and offered to build the T&P line west of Ft. Worth in exchange for $20,000 in T&P stock and $20,000 in T&P bonds for each mile completed. A deal was struck, and as construction proceeded west out of Ft. Worth, Gould's ownership and influence over the T&P increased with each mile. In April, 1881, Gould formally took over the T&P.

Gould needed one other railroad in his pocket before attempting to take on the I&GN. It was the aforementioned SLIM&S, which operated the connection between Texarkana and the outskirts of St. Louis. His plan was simple; at the south end, Gould began to use the Katy's line through Oklahoma to carry T&P traffic bound for St. Louis. Normally, this interchange would be with the SLIM&S at Texarkana, thus depriving that railroad of critical northbound traffic. Near St. Louis, Gould bought the terminal railroad that provided the final connection for the SLIM&S into St. Louis, positioning him to create mischief. In December, 1880, the SLIM&S ownership ultimately gave in and sold a large block of stock to Gould, giving him about 30% of the company. They did not further resist Gould's control and he assigned the SLIM&S to become part of MP.

By February, 1881, as I&GN construction reached San Antonio and connected with the GH&SA, Gould had already begun negotiations with the I&GN to buy a controlling interest. On June 1, 1881, it was announced that the Katy railroad had acquired all of the I&GN common stock in a two-for-one stock swap, and had transferred the I&GN stock to Ft. Worth resident Gen. Grenville Dodge. Dodge was a friend of Gould's, a famous Army General who had been the chief engineer for numerous railroads including the Transcontinental Railroad. The transfer was done to get around Texas' law requiring companies owning tracks in Texas to be headquartered in Texas. The Katy was based in Kansas and did not have a Texas railroad charter. It was only allowed to operate in Texas because, to incentivize the Katy to build to the Red River and cross into Texas, the Legislature in August, 1870 had granted recognition of the railroad charter issued to the Katy by the State of Kansas. It was open question as to whether the Katy had the same property ownership rights as other Texas railroads (or any rights at all.) With Gen. Dodge ostensibly owning the I&GN by possession of all of its stock, Gould arranged for the Katy to lease the I&GN for 99 years. Thus, without using any of his own money, Gould had simultaneously acquired the I&GN and circumvented Texas' law prohibiting track ownership by "foreign" corporations.

Leasing to the Katy effectively added the I&GN's network (the largest in Texas) to the routes in Texas that MP was operating under its lease of the Katy. MP was a "foreign" railroad; it did not own any tracks in Texas -- they were all Katy and I&GN tracks under lease. The I&GN continued to build and operate under its own name whereas MP became the "face of the franchise" for all Katy activities. Under Katy ownership, tracks were extended south by MP from the Katy's Red River crossing near Denison to Fort Worth (1880), from there south to Hillsboro (1881), and then farther south to Taylor via Waco (1882). There were also two Katy extensions into Dallas. Among the Texas press, all of this work was publicly associated with MP, not the Katy. The junction at Taylor was viewed as a MP / I&GN junction even though they were both part of the same enterprise. The Katy's Kansas charter explicitly called for construction south through Waco and Austin to reach the Rio Grande River; Gould was aggressively following this plan (not that he considered himself bound by it.) Texas officials wanted more railroads in the state, even if it meant not questioning the legality of MP's southward expansion of Katy's route network; neither railroad was headquartered in Texas and neither had a Texas charter.

Left: The Galveston Daily News of April 30, 1881 carried this article from six days earlier out of St. Louis speculating on a complete merger of MP, the Katy, the T&P and the I&GN, repeating the rumors that the I&GN had already been sold to Gould. Right: Ironically, the same issue of the Galveston Daily News carried this article discussing H. M. Hoxie's assignment to be the new General Superintendent of the T&P. As noted earlier, Hoxie had been the G.S. of the I&GN since the beginning and he had been the author of the telegram sent to newspapers publicizing the arrival of the first I&GN train into Austin in December, 1876. So why was Hoxie suddenly the T&P's G.S. while remaining as G.S. of the I&GN? Gould had formally taken over the T&P during its annual stockholders' meeting held in Philadelphia in April, 1881. By naming Hoxie as the T&P's new G.S. starting May 1, Gould ensured that the I&GN would begin coordinating with the T&P (and thus, with all of his railroads), even if the deal to add the I&GN to the Gould enterprise was not yet complete.

Gould's southward construction plan for the Katy was in pursuit of MP service to both Mexico and Houston via the Katy's Red River bridge. This route provided complementary options, both north and south of the bridge, compared to the I&GN via Texarkana and Longview. To facilitate Houston access from Denison quickly, Gould had MP build a Katy extension from Greenville to Mineola in 1881 where it would connect to an existing I&GN branch from Troup, a town on the main line northeast of Palestine. [Mineola was also served by the east/west T&P.] The Denison - Greenville leg of this route was then acquired in late 1881 by purchasing the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Extension Railway, one of the lines chartered by Katy interests prior to Gould's takeover. This meant that Katy traffic over the Red River bridge had a "Gould all the way" route to Houston via Greenville, Mineola, Troup and Palestine; it was not ideal but it was better than nothing.

Reaching Taylor in 1882 gave MP's Katy network a friendly Gould connection to Austin, San Antonio and Laredo via the I&GN, satisfying one of Gould's objectives. MP's intent was to complete a route from Taylor to Houston, but for several years, the southern terminus of the Katy tracks remained at Taylor. This was mostly due to the political climate in the Texas Legislature, which in 1882 had repealed the land grant law and lowered authorized passenger fares while pondering additional railroad regulation. Gould was still planning for the Katy to reach Houston soon, so he bought the Galveston, Houston & Henderson (GH&H) Railroad which owned only one line, but it was an important one: the only set of tracks between Houston and Galveston. Gould reorganized the GH&H under its original charter and sold it to the Katy to be a direct route to Galveston, Texas' largest city and largest port. At this point, the Katy had only reached Taylor, a long ways from Houston, so Gould had the Katy lease the GH&H to the I&GN. The I&GN and GH&H had interchanged in Houston for many years, but now those movements would be under a common Gould enterprise.

After four years, MP resumed construction of Katy tracks out of Taylor by chartering the Bastrop & Taylor Railway Co. on April 26, 1886. By the time work commenced south out of Taylor in 1887, the name had been changed to the Taylor, Bastrop & Houston Railway. Regardless, it was a MP / Katy operation all the way. At Elgin, the tracks crossed the H&TC line to Austin and continued south to Bastrop where a bridge over the Colorado River was built south of town. Beyond the bridge, the route took a southeast heading into Smithville and continued to La Grange, following a route to Sealy that was surveyed (but never used) by the Texas Western Railway. Reaching Sealy would put the Katy only 48 miles out of downtown Houston. However, eleven miles beyond La Grange, construction stopped at the end of 1887 at a location named Boggy Tank. There was no progress beyond Boggy Tank for several years as the Gould railroads entered a period of financial turmoil.

The Katy tracks through Smithville were within 50 miles of the I&GN tracks at San Marcos. A line from Smithville west to San Marcos would provide benefits to Gould's railroads by creating a triangle of track alternatives between Taylor, San Marcos and Smithville that would be valuable in the event of a bridge failure or other track problem. Most important, however, was that a Smithville - San Marcos connection would eventually (when the eastward extension to Houston was finished) create a Gould route between Houston and San Antonio via Smithville and San Marcos. Such a route could compete with the GH&SA, and at minimum would provide a "Gould only" option for movements between two of Texas' largest cities. As an added bonus, the town of Lockhart, worthy of rail service as the seat of Caldwell County, was midway between Smithville and San Marcos. In 1887, MP initiated construction of Katy tracks between San Marcos and Smithville via Lockhart. Work began at San Marcos, and the tracks to Lockhart were completed in 1887. But like the situation at Boggy Tank, further construction from Lockhart to Smithville was paused for financial reasons.

Left: The San Marcos Free Press of May 19, 1887 reported that the construction contract out of San Marcos had been let.

Work stopped before the end of 1887 as Gould faced dark financial clouds, primarily related to the bankruptcy of the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway which he had acquired in the early 1880s. The problems spilled over to MP because Gould had leased the Wabash to the SLIM&S, part of the MP family. The more immediate problem, however, was the election of James S. Hogg in November, 1886 as Texas Attorney General. A future governor (and the father of semi-notorious Ima Hogg), Hogg had been elected on a campaign to go after Texas railroads for poor service, poor facilities, price-fixing and other violations of state law. Hogg began by suing the I&GN on December 3, 1887 for neglecting its infrastructure and delivering poor (and unsafe) service, in violation of its Texas railroad charter. He also claimed the I&GN had violated Texas railroad ownership laws by consenting to be leased (through the Katy) to MP, a "foreign" corporation. After a 3-day trial, the judge issued a split ruling on June 21, 1888; the I&GN would not forfeit its charter, but it would no longer benefit from a charter-based tax exemption. Eighteen months later, the Texas Supreme Court reversed the ruling on the tax exemption. In the end, Hogg won nothing from this lawsuit.

Gould may have temporarily felt safe from the wrath of Hogg, but he was not safe from the Katy's stockholders. Gould had leased the Katy to the MP to ensure long term control because he and his henchmen held very little of its stock. Gould could be tossed out as President at any time during an unfavorable stockholders meeting. And that is precisely what happened in May, 1888. The stockholders realized that terrible revenue divisions, deferred maintenance, and other financial indicators meant that Gould was extracting every dollar possible out of the Katy and sending it north to MP, where he held a large ownership position. The Katy was unprofitable simply because all of its profits were being drained into MP. The Katy stockholders replaced Gould and all of his cronies, and the new management requested receivership protection from a bankruptcy court while it reorganized. The court ruled favorably on assigning a receiver and it invalidated the MP's lease on the Katy.

The Katy was finally free of Gould, but he would not go quietly. Most critically, the Katy owned all of the I&GN's stock, even though it technically had been transferred to Gen. Dodge in Ft. Worth. Gould was in danger of losing two of his three railroads in Texas, so he proceeded to execute a clever plan to save his investment in the I&GN. He was still the President of the I&GN, at least temporarily until its stockholders -- corporate officers of the Katy -- could call a formal stockholders meeting and fire him. He proceeded to personally loan the I&GN a half million dollars and ensured that the I&GN did not pay it back within the time specified. Gould then sued the I&GN for default and forced it into receivership. The Katy intervened in the court proceedings and agreed that the I&GN should repay the $500,000 to end the matter, after which they would oust Gould and his henchmen from the I&GN at a called stockholders meeting. Gould countered by approaching his adversary, Attorney General Hogg, to remind him that the Katy was a "foreign" railroad, one that now owned a bona fide Texas railroad, the I&GN. Hogg responded by arranging an injunction to prevent the Katy stockholders from taking any adverse action pertaining to the I&GN. Hogg later explained that although he had "ascertained" that the Katy controlled all of the I&GN's stock, he had no "proof positive" until the Katy happened to file an affidavit to that effect with the district court overseeing the I&GN receivership.

Left: I&GN drama at the Legislature was always a big story with the Galveston Daily News, here on June 13, 1881.

Gould's ploy had worked; Hogg's injunction was upheld and the I&GN receivership continued for many months. Although the receiver and the judge fixed the problems that had led to Hogg's prior suit against the I&GN, it was still owned by the Katy, and the judge was ready to terminate the receivership since the I&GN was ready to pay the debt owed to Gould. Hogg made a final appeal to the Texas Supreme Court -- and lost -- but the additional delay made a critical difference. By this time (July, 1891), Katy stockholders finally understood their larger predicament and proceeded to negotiate a settlement with Gould wherein Gould paid the Katy $350,000 and guaranteed that the I&GN would resume its prior traffic arrangements with the Katy. In exchange, the Katy transferred all of the I&GN's stock to Gould.

Why did the Katy give away the I&GN for a paltry $350,000? Because it needed to file a charter with the Texas Legislature (it had never had one) to clean up the mess resulting from another lawsuit. Authority to own the I&GN was omitted from the proposed Katy charter simply because it would not otherwise be approved by the Legislature. The Katy was not going to be allowed to own the I&GN, so they might as well get rid of it and move on.

The Katy's mess was the aftermath of a lawsuit that Hogg had filed in 1888 against Gould and the Katy for unlawful acquisition and operation of the East Line & Red River (EL&RR) Railroad, a narrow gauge line that ran from Jefferson to Greenville. Under Gould's control, the Katy had bought the line in 1881 and extended it 32 miles west to McKinney in 1882. Hogg chose the EL&RR acquisition as a means of attacking the Katy for being a "foreign" railroad unlawfully owning a Texas railroad. In February, 1890, Hogg won the final appeal of his lawsuit at the Texas Supreme Court, causing the EL&RR's charter to be forfeited and forcing it into receivership. The appellate ruling in Hogg's favor had concluded that the Katy was, indeed, a "foreign" railroad that lacked both a Texas charter and a Texas headquarters. The Katy could not continue as a viable railroad in Texas until this situation was resolved, which could only be done by the Legislature.

A new Katy charter was filed on October 28, 1891 and approved by the Legislature establishing the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway Co. of Texas, to be headquartered at Denison as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the parent Katy corporation. The Texas subsidiary would own all of the Katy's former Texas rail lines and railroads except the I&GN and the EL&RR (which was still in receivership.) When the EL&RR came out of receivership, it was sold in early 1892 to the newly chartered Sherman, Shreveport & Southern (SS&S) Railway owned by investors based in Greenville and Sherman.

When Jay Gould died in New York City at the end of 1892, his son George took over the railroad investments and succeeded Jay as President of both the I&GN and the T&P. Unlike his father, George Gould attempted to be fair with the Texas railroads. For the next thirty years, the I&GN and the T&P would operate under Gould family control and work cooperatively with the Missouri Pacific on Midwest traffic.

And what became of General Hogg? He was elected Governor in 1890 on a platform advocating creation of the Railroad Commission of Texas.

On sound legal and financial footing, the newly independent Katy resumed construction in 1892, building from Boggy Tank to the Brazos River, seven miles beyond Sealy. The remaining 42 miles of track from the Brazos River to Houston was laid the following year. Now with tracks into Houston, the Katy was very interested in operating to Galveston, but the GH&H was still leased to the I&GN which the Katy no longer owned. The Katy claimed in a Federal lawsuit that it had a continuing right to operate the GH&H, and when all of the legal dust settled, the Katy and the I&GN each owned 50% of the GH&H with rights to operate independently over it.

Also in 1892, the Katy completed the Smithville - San Marcos line by finishing the 36 miles between Lockhart and Smithville. This enabled it to establish service to San Antonio via the I&GN connection at San Marcos. The two railroads seemed content to continue that arrangement, but in 1899, a revision to the Katy's charter required it to extend its tracks to San Antonio. The Katy didn't ask for this requirement; it was added when the Katy requested a charter revision to authorize it to re-acquire the former EL&RR, now the SS&S, between McKinney and Jefferson. The charter provision was written so that the SS&S purchase could not proceed until the Katy had extended its tracks from San Marcos to San Antonio. The nature of this serial requirement to operate into San Antonio before being allowed to buy the SS&S suggests that the provision was added by San Antonio legislators concerned about the lack of railroad competition for the I&GN on routes to the north. The law also had a unique provision found in no other railroad charter in Texas. By accepting permission to acquire the SS&S, the Katy agreed to be permanently prohibited from filing, or participating in, any lawsuit against the Railroad Commission of Texas. The Katy fulfilled its obligations; newspapers report the beginning of construction out of San Marcos on September 12, 1900 and the completion of the 46 miles to San Antonio on April 25, 1901.

The Katy now had tracks from the Red River to San Antonio via Smithville, but did not serve Austin, the state capital. To do so, it acquired two defunct railroads that had never laid tracks: the Georgetown & Granger (G&G) Railroad and its owner, the Trinity, Cameron & Western Railroad. The Katy did this to retire the G&G charter, which authorized a line between Granger, on the Katy main north of Taylor, and Georgetown, the county seat of Williamson County, 25 miles north of Austin. Retiring the G&G charter enabled a new railroad to be chartered, the Granger, Georgetown, Austin & San Antonio Railway, which built 16 miles from Granger east to Georgetown in 1903. At Georgetown, the Katy connected with a 10-mile I&GN branch line, the former Georgetown Railroad (GRR) from Round Rock, which the I&GN had acquired out of foreclosure and merged in 1882. The Katy built the remaining distance to Austin in 1904, going south through Round Rock, Pflugerville and eastern Travis County before curving west to approach downtown. In July, 1905, the Katy negotiated rights to share the I&GN bridge over the Colorado River along with 30 miles of I&GN track south to reach Katy's rails at San Marcos. This enabled the Katy to provide direct passenger service between Austin and San Antonio. Three months later, the Austin Statesman of October 4th reported on the I&GN's new Colorado River bridge under construction, remarking that it was "...hardly possible that the new...railroad bridge will be finished by the 1st of January, as was first expected. Work on the bridge, however, is progressing very rapidly." Most likely this bridge replaced the original structure that had been built 25 years earlier.

Left: The three main railroads in the Austin area as of 1904 were the H&TC, owned by Southern Pacific (SP), the Katy, and the I&GN. At Round Rock, the Katy crossing of the I&GN main line was grade-separated, the Katy passing over the I&GN. The Katy crossings at Taylor and Elgin were both at grade, and they became interlocked as Tower 34 and Tower 100, respectively. The grade crossing of the I&GN and the H&TC at McNeil was eventually interlocked as Tower 132. The Katy intersected the H&TC east of downtown Austin, a non-interlocked junction known as Pershing. From there, the Katy used the H&TC tracks into downtown to connect with the I&GN.



Right: MKT Junction was the branch point on the I&GN main line for the half-mile run to Katy rails at Ajax, where a triangle track arrangement permitted connecting movements in all three directions.

South of San Marcos, the Katy crossed the I&GN twice. At Hunter, the I&GN has had a bridge over the Katy since at least 1915, but the pre-1915 track arrangement is undetermined. The second crossing is at grade in New Braunfels, where Tower 92 was later built as a manned, 2-story interlocking tower.

Above Left: Coming into Austin on the Katy, Barriger took this photo just as his business car cleared the switch at Pershing and crossed Pedernales St. His camera faces east as his train is moving west toward downtown. A switchman, presumably an SP employee, has begun to move the switch back to its normal position to allow straight-ahead movements on SP's main track toward Houston via Brenham and Hempstead. To the left beyond the switchman, the sign atop the white pole next to the Katy tracks reads "PERSHING". The Katy came south through eastern Travis County and then paralleled the H&TC for the last three miles into Pershing. Above Right: This Google Street View image from 2021 shows that the Katy tracks are gone, but the adjacent building has survived for ~ 80 years and perhaps some of the utility poles have as well. The street to the right parallel to the former SP tracks is East Fifth St. Below: A quarter mile farther west, Barriger's next photo is facing east at Austin Jct. (as the horizontal sign reads.) This was the wye junction for SP trains to go north to Burnet, Llano and Marble Falls on the former Austin & Northwestern line, a right-of-way that is now used by Austin's CapMetro commuter rail system. There were two tracks on the west side of the wye going north, and Barriger's business car has just cleared the switch for the inner track. The passenger cars sit on the outer track, which was removed sometime in the 1940s; that real estate is now occupied by buildings. Barriger's business car is about to cross Canadian St., now Robert T. Martinez Jr. St. Continuing west into downtown, SP's track will transition a block south to Fourth St., and then transition again to Third St. to reach the passenger depot at the corner of Third St. and Congress Ave. Continuing west beyond the depot, the tracks on Third St. lead to a wye for access to I&GN's Colorado River bridge.

Above: In Barriger's next photo taken about 1.5 miles farther west, his camera continues to face east as his train is moving west on Third St. toward the river bridge. He has just crossed Congress Avenue where the ornate SP depot (also used by the Katy) sat on the northeast corner, and the MP depot sat on the southwest corner. Although both depots are long gone, on the southeast corner, the arch-windowed building (visible beyond the circular tower on the MP depot) was still standing when Google Street View caught this image (above right) in February, 2021. Barriger's train will proceed another half mile west and then take the east leg of the wye to turn south onto the bridge. Below: This could have been Barriger's next photo, but its sequence number in the Barriger Library suggests that it was from an earlier trip southbound on the Katy. His view is from the south side of the Colorado River looking north along the I&GN bridge. The control tower is visible sitting in the middle of the wye at the north end of the bridge. Barriger's trip south to San Marcos will be on tracks that had been upgraded with automatic block signaling. The May, 1929 issue of Railway Signaling reported that the I&GN had ordered automatic block signals from General Railway Signal Co. for the 36 miles between Austin and San Marcos yard.

Above: Barriger took this photo passing through Austin on a northbound trip on the I&GN. His train has just exited the Colorado River bridge, taken the west leg of the wye, and has stopped now that Barriger's car has cleared the northwest switch of the wye. Barriger's view is to the east on Third St. which is occupied by tracks used by SP (and the Katy) that lead away from their interchange with the I&GN toward the MP passenger depot farther east. As MP's main line was west of the bridge and the MP depot was east of the bridge, a back-up move was required for I&GN trains, either inbound or outbound, to access the depot. Barely visible to Barriger's camera is a portion of the control tower's roofline (blue arrows) and short stretches of the east leg (pink arrows) and west leg (yellow arrows) of the wye at the bridge.

Below: The next photo in Barriger's sequence shows that he is approaching the Missouri Pacific passenger station (white building with circular MP herald) as his I&GN train backs east along Third St. Judging by the position of the switch rails and Barriger's photo not being centered on the rails, his train is taking the crossover to move to the south track used for access to the depot. By this time, the I&GN had been owned by MP for many years, and the I&GN's separate identity was rapidly disappearing.

Above Left: Perhaps on the same southbound Katy trip cited above, Barriger's train has taken the connector off the I&GN at MKT Junction toward the Katy main line as he looks back at the control cabin. In a half mile, Barriger's train will reach Ajax, most likely to go south toward New Braunfels, but with the option to go east to Lockhart and Smithville. Above Right: The next photo in Barriger's sequence is looking back at the south lead of the wye at Ajax. His train turned south at Ajax and is heading toward New Braunfels. The position of the switch rails shows that his train came off the northeast lead from MKT Junction to the left. The two faint telegraph poles on the horizon mark the path of the Ajax wye connection between Smithville (right) and MKT Junction (left).

Below Left: On another trip, Barriger snapped this photo of MKT Junction from his business car as his northbound Katy train has just come off the connector from Ajax to head toward Austin on I&GN rails. Below Right: Taken in 1980, this photo shows that a different cabin now sits at "MK&T JCT" sporting a "Missouri Pacific Lines" circular herald on the front. By this date, the junction was fully automated; the cabin housed the interlocking plant and likely some override controls, but was normally unoccupied. (H. D. Connor Collection)

    

Above: The National Railroad Adjustment Board (NRAB) was a body created by Congress to arbitrate labor disputes in the railroad industry. These two excerpts are from an NRAB ruling issued October 30, 1969 for a claim that had initially been raised by MP telegraphers when some of their jobs were eliminated at MKT Junction in June, 1962. The essence of the claim was that between 6:30 am and 3:00 pm, Katy telegraphers at the depot in San Marcos had begun copying and delivering train orders to northbound Katy trains to be executed after the trains arrived at MKT Junction, whereas previously, such orders were handled by MP telegraphers at MKT Junction. The MP employees asserted that this violated their union's agreement with MP. [How did the dispute end? Having failed to appeal MP's internal decision (on the 1962 claim) to NRAB, their attempt to re-file the same claim in 1965 violated NRAB procedures and was disallowed.]

The above passages from the ruling provide some basic history of the junction and its operations. The background explains that the tower at MKT Junction had opened August 1, 1912 and had been staffed by MP personnel continuously since then, 24 hours daily. At the time of the dispute, "...there was a mechanical interlocking located in the tower...",  presumably the plant that had been approved by RCT when MKT Junction was assigned to be Tower 206 in RCT's numbering scheme (the precise date of that assignment is unknown, but based on the timeframes for Tower 204 and Tower 207, it is likely to have been in 1956.) The switch and interlocker controls had been operated manually by the MP "telegrapher-levermen" at MKT Junction, but effective June 22, 1962, the railroads changed to a scheme wherein Katy train crews, during morning and early afternoon hours when the cabin was not staffed, would receive their train orders at the MKT depot in San Marcos. Upon arrival at MKT Junction, they would stop and manually operate the trackside switch. The switch was connected electronically to the interlocker so that "...when the switch is opened by the MKT crew, the approach signals on the MP both north and south of MKT Junction indicate stop."

It is apparent from Barriger's photos that there were home (and presumably distant) signals at MKT Junction long before RCT approved the interlocker in 1956. The best guess is that since the two railroads didn't actually cross at this junction, they had decided that RCT approval of their switch and signaling system was not necessary. A nearly identical situation existed with the control tower at the Colorado River bridge. SP tracks (on which the Katy had rights) and MP tracks formed a wye at the north end of the bridge but did not cross, hence the tower (which presumably existed long before Barriger's visits) had never been incorporated into RCT's numbering scheme. It officially became Tower 205 in the same 1956 timeframe as Tower 206, suggesting that MP (which managed both towers) had decided to comply with RCT interlocker policies at these two junctions. Perhaps this was in response to pressure (or a direct threat) from RCT, but it also seems reasonable to assume that MP's exit from a lengthy receivership in 1956 (which dated back to the 1930s) played a role. The I&GN became fully integrated into MP when the receivership ended, so that may also have been a factor.

It is interesting to note that the focus of the labor dispute pertained solely to train order communications for northbound Katy trains at San Marcos. Elsewhere, the ruling mentions that southbound Katy trains (that would eventually take the switch at MKT Junction) received their train orders from MP telegraphers at Taylor, and that "...MKT's trackage rights were recently extended to include...tracks between Austin and Taylor..." (approved by the Interstate Commerce Commission on August 26, 1964.) Afterward, MKT trains between Austin and Temple began operating through Taylor instead of taking the Katy's route through Georgetown (which meant that the Katy no longer served Georgetown and Pflugerville.) The Katy tracks between Austin and Georgetown were formally abandoned in 1976.

Above: About six miles south of San Marcos, the Katy tracks crossed under the I&GN tracks near the community of Hunter. On the other side, the lines resumed their parallel trek south toward New Braunfels. As shown by these photographs taken approximately 70 years apart by John W. Barriger III (left, c.1940, from the rear platform of his business car on a northbound trip) and Bruce Blaylock (right, June 6, 2010, from the cab of the UP locomotive he was piloting on a southbound trip), very little has changed! Bruce describes this crossing: "At Mile Post 215.58 on the MP (upper) track is an 85-foot skewed girder bridge built in 1915. As you can see, the clearances are very tight and I never held my arm out of the cab while running through Hunter Cut. A shifted load would be a real problem here. Some years ago, the bridge was raised a few inches to accommodate double-stack trains." Since there is apparently a local indication of the 1915 date for the bridge installation, the obvious question is...was there always a bridge here, i.e. was this the original track arrangement in 1901? The Katy tracks were built 25 years after the I&GN tracks, and it's rare for the second railroad to go under the first one. There's no indication (e.g. a creek bed or unusual topography) that would convey the need for an I&GN bridge prior to the Katy's construction. Since the Katy needed to move west of the I&GN tracks, the bridge may have been added when the Katy was building south simply because there was no less expensive way to do it. Rather than build a lengthy bridge, the Katy could have paid the I&GN to raise their tracks (which are straight) onto a fill so the Katy could cross beneath it. No evidence to the contrary has surfaced thus far, and Hunter is not listed in any RCT documentation pertaining to crossings.

The positional swap of the rail lines (east for west) at Hunter did not disturb their general southwest heading. So if the rail lines were near each other and mostly parallel, how did they cross at nearly a right angle at Tower 92 in New Braunfels? The culprit was the I&GN. The Katy tracks more or less maintain a southwest heading on the entire route through New Braunfels, with short adjustments at various places. The Katy crossed the Guadalupe River geographically about where it would be expected, in the community of Gruene (less than a half mile from the famous Gruene Hall dancehall which had already been hosting live music for 23 years when the Katy showed up!) The Katy made one final adjustment to a due south heading about three quarters of a mile north of the crossing that became Tower 92's location and returned back to a southwest heading just as it was crossing the I&GN at grade.

As can be discerned from the earlier map showing the rail lines between San Marcos and New Braunfels, beginning northeast of New Braunfels the I&GN (the east line) takes a diverging path onto a south-southwest heading, gradually moving farther away from the Katy, continuing straight for nearly five miles. This brings it to the Guadalupe River about a mile due east of downtown. After crossing the river, the curve necessary to go back west into downtown required a west-northwest heading because the river crossing had put the latitude of the tracks a bit farther south than downtown. Continuing on this heading, the I&GN crossed the Katy after passing through downtown and then immediately began to curve back to the southwest to return to the original heading toward San Antonio.

Left: The January, 1913 issue of The Signal Engineer carried this news item reporting the I&GN's plans to install interlocking plants at New Braunfels and Jacksonville. The New Braunfels plant was installed in Tower 92 and commissioned later that year on November 1, 1913. The Jacksonville plant was ... never bought? The first appearance of Jacksonville in RCT interlocker records is dated eighteen years later in 1931 when a 4-function interlocker was authorized to control the I&GN's crossing of the St. Louis Southwestern ("Cotton Belt") with a swing gate tied to an electric interlocker, similar to the later switch arrangement at San Marcos.

Below: The tower controlling the Katy / I&GN crossing at New Braunfels was a manned, 2-story structure that housed a 23-function mechanical interlocker. These two undated photos of Tower 92 face northwest, although the tracks in view are southbound to San Antonio. RCT records from 1916 show that the tower was operated by I&GN personnel, who would also have been responsible for maintaining the tower and the interlocking plant. In 1957, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) granted MP and the Katy permission to replace the Tower 92 manual plant with an automatic interlocker. Presumably the tower was removed shortly thereafter. (photos courtesy Jim Burns, New Braunfels Historic Railroad and Modeler's Society collection)
   

While George Gould maintained control over the I&GN and helped guide it into a much stronger railroad over the next 15 years, financial clouds began to appear. Part of the problem was that RCT had begun issuing regulatory orders requiring specific railroads to improve physical infrastructure, safety and service with new railcars, upgraded roadbeds and new depots. Arguably, some of these investments may not have been economically justifiable, but to the RCT, they were required for public safety. The I&GN had a terrible safety record, particularly on its line between Spring and Fort Worth that had opened in 1903. Wayne Cline explains...

"Commission records [in 1908] showed that 99 wrecks had occurred on the I&GN since the summer of 1907, and 41 of them happened...on the Fort Worth Division. ... The International & Great Northern had compiled a reasonably acceptable safety record, but it rapidly went downhill after the Fort Worth Division was constructed. In 1904, casualties suddenly soared when 139 workers and passengers were injured -- almost twice the average for the previous ten years. ... After increasing markedly in 1904, derailments steadily mounted until five times the normal average occurred in 1907."

The poorly designed roadbed on the Ft. Worth Division was not George Gould's only problem. An even larger issue was his financially precarious situation resulting from the costs of major rail expansions he had undertaken on the east and west coasts. When the nation went into a sudden and deep depression caused by the Panic of 1907, railroad revenues fell drastically. When the I&GN was unable to make payments on some of the bonds issued during its reorganization in 1892, the I&GN went into voluntary receivership in February, 1908. The receivership lasted three years during which the appointed Receiver, Judge Thomas Freeman, a former T&P attorney, rehabilitated much of the I&GN's roadbed and signaling systems using $11 million worth of short term Receiver Certificates authorized for sale by the Court. In June, 1911, the Gould family bought the I&GN out of bankruptcy and named Judge Freeman to be the new President. Unfortunately, revenues were insufficient to retire the short term notes he had issued as Receiver, hence the I&GN went back into receivership in 1914. And at that point, the Gould family connection to the I&GN ended forever.

It was not until July 28, 1922 that the reorganized railroad was bought out of bankruptcy by a newly organized company, the International - Great Northern Railroad (which explains why both I-GN and I&GN are commonly used as abbreviations for the company.) The new I-GN had more than 1,100 miles of track, and it served most of the major cities across Texas (lacking rails only to Dallas and El Paso; its rails to Galveston were via the GH&H.) Its massive route structure through Texas made the I-GN an attractive property, and the St. Louis San Francisco ("Frisco") Railroad tried to buy it in 1922. They were rebuffed by the ICC, which refused to approve the sale, perhaps in part due to bitter opposition from MP and the evidence they presented during the ICC's hearings. MP had been reorganized in 1917 and was no longer under Gould control. It did not have any railroads in Texas and it had wanted to acquire the I-GN to enter the Texas market directly (since it had not controlled any railroads in Texas after its leases of the Katy and I&GN had been broken by judges more than thirty years earlier.) The attempted sale of the I-GN had alarmed MP, which had long cooperated with the I-GN on St. Louis service to Houston, Galveston, Austin, San Antonio and Laredo. MP tried to buy the I-GN directly in 1924, but again, the ICC nixed the sale.

Not to be deterred, MP executed its fallback strategy by helping to arrange for the New Orleans, Texas & Mexico (NOT&M) Railway to buy the I-GN, simply to keep it out of the hands of other competitors. The NOT&M had been formed in 1916 to own the Gulf Coast Lines (GCL), a syndicate of several railroads in south Texas and Louisiana that had been owned by the Frisco prior to the Frisco's bankruptcy in 1914. The GCL syndicate railroads all had financial commonality through the St. Louis Trust Co., but they did not have the top-level executive structure of a corporation -- individual GCL railroads had been managed cooperatively but separately by Frisco executives. Since the GCL railroads remained viable, the NOT&M was created to own and operate the GCL railroads independently of the Frisco. The sale of the I-GN to the NOT&M was approved by the ICC in June, 1924. MP was then allowed to buy the entire NOT&M on January 1, 1925, thereby acquiring the target I-GN plus all of the other GCL railroads. Among other things, the GCL component instantly gave MP a major presence in coastal south Texas plus half ownership of the primary switching railroad in Houston, the Houston Belt & Terminal Railway.

The I-GN continued to operate under its own name within the MP family of railroads. In 1933, MP and all of its subsidiaries went into a lengthy receivership largely attributable to the Great Depression. The receivership did not end until 1956 when a new Missouri Pacific Railroad Company was formed, with all of its railroads merged into it, no longer carrying separate corporate identities. The T&P, however, was not merged, even though MP owned 75% of its stock. The T&P continued to operate cooperatively with MP until it was merged in 1976.

Above Left: This view looks south from the County Rd. 235 grade crossing of the former I&GN tracks, with the former Katy tracks to the left. The I&GN tracks are visibly rising to cross the bridge at Hunter Cut while the Katy tracks remain level and gradually descend to go through the cut. Above Right: This view from Third St. shows that the tracks that formerly accompanied the west leg of the wye at the north end of the Colorado River bridge in Austin have been removed, as have all of the other tracks on Third St. east of the bridge.

Below: There is still a switch at San Marcos Jct., but the cabin is long gone. The overpass visible in 2022 (left) for Aquarena Springs Dr. opened in 2018, replacing the street grade crossing that previously existed (right). (Google Street View)

The Katy was able to stay independent but it was similarly affected by economic downturns. The entire company entered receivership in 1915 and came out of it in 1923 under the name "Missouri - Kansas - Texas", hence both MK&T and MKT are used as abbreviations. At that time, some of its routes were sold off or abandoned, and some of its leases of other railroads were canceled. To compete with the larger systems, the Katy began to consolidate management and operations. The headquarters for the entire company was relocated to Dallas and the Texas subsidiary corporation was dissolved. The railroad gradually abandoned non-productive routes, but managed to remain in business into the 1980s. In 1988, it was purchased by MP, 100 years after MP had lost its lease on the Katy due to the voluntary receivership undertaken by the new management after Jay Gould had been ousted as President. MP was no longer independent; it had been acquired by Union Pacific (UP) in 1982. In 1989, the Katy was merged into MP and ceased to exist as a separate corporation. Similarly, MP was fully merged into UP in 1997. Thus, UP owns and operates the remaining lines that had I-GN and Katy heritage.

Under UP ownership, the original I-GN main line between Longview and Laredo remains in service as do the former Katy tracks between the Red River and San Antonio via Fort Worth, Waco, Smithville and San Marcos. East of Smithville, the former Katy tracks no longer reach Houston; they terminate in the town of Katy, 22 miles east of Sealy. The former Katy tracks between Georgetown and Austin were abandoned in 1976, but the tracks from Granger to Georgetown remain in place. They are owned by the recreated (1958) Georgetown Railroad, and they continue to operate on the route originally built by the GRR in 1878 to the former I&GN connection in Round Rock.

 
Last Revised: 8/10/2022 JGK - Contact the Texas Interlocking Towers Page.